Often a large number of factors, frequently interrelated must be understood to determine the cause of the

Titanic Failure,,, Why It Should Have Fractured?

original failure so the analyst must consider a broad spectrum of possibilities or reasons for the occurrence. Like the great detective, the analyst must carefully examine and evaluate all evidence available then prepare a hypothesis or possible chain of events that could have caused the “crime”.

Fractures, usually the most serious type of failure, fractures can have disastrous results when a load-bearing member suddenly loses its ability to carry its intended load. Distortion, wear and corrosion failures also important and sometimes lead to fractures

Volume 10 of the ASM Metals Handbook, Eight Edition is a basic guide to follow in various stage of failure analysis investigation. The most important initial step to perform in any failure analysis investigation is to do NOTHING except visually study the evidence, think about the failed part or parts and ask detailed questions. For a complete evaluation the sequence of stages in the investigation and analysis of failure is as follows :

1. Collection of background data and selection of samples
2. Preliminary examination of the failed part (visual examination and record keeping)
3. Nondestructive testing
4. Mechanical testing
5. Selection, identification, preservation and/or cleaning of specimens (and comparison with non-failed parts)
6. Macroscopic examination and analysis and photographic documentation (fracture surface, secondary cracks and other surface phenomena)
7. Microscopic examination and analysis
8. Selection and analysis of metallographic sections
9. Examination and analysis of metallographic specimens
10. Determination of failure mechanism
11. Chemical analysis
12. Analysis of fracture mechanics
13. Testing under simulated service conditions
14. Analysis of all the evidence, formulation of conclusions and writing the report (including recommendations)

Resumed from : Wulpi, Donald J., Understanding How Components Fail

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